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 For many months, CBSE has been stuck on whether the paper will be there or not, but CBSE has decided only yesterday that class 12th is canceled and CBSE did not take any examination for it, but yes it will definitely give it after that and on what basis it will CBSE have not disclosed this openly yet, but CBSEWill reveal very soon and will tell him for the public, but there may be some reasons for which he had demanded to keep the facts about which Azam will talk about what anyone can think while killing children.

1.ACCORDING TO THE 10TH RESULT

CBSE will take any three subjects out of those 5 subjects who got marks in class 10th, in which you have the highest and taking out the average of the same, they will give you marks in all the subjects in that way, that means you have whatever subject you have in class 12th. The numbers that will be there will be themselves because the average taken out it will be taken out according to the tenth.

2. IT WILL BE DECIDED BY THE SCHOOL AUTHORITY

Somewhere it may be that the role of the school is out there because the children who are studying in that school, then those who are the teachers of the school would have known which child is like, but this year it is time to recognize the child. If these teachers have not got the chance, then maybe CBSE should give the school that you according to you, tell what kind of marks the child should get, which child should get how many marks, then it may be that CBSE will ask the school somewhere about your marks.

  3.Previous year scores can be taken into account

4.Teacher can be game-changer

There is the Protocol of CBSE that he takes only 80 number paper, 20 number paper is in the hands of the teachers, by combining the two numbers are formed which are given to the children but because this time the 80 number paper was not done But this number has been given by the teacher, so it is possible that the number given to the teacher by Gone CBSE convert it into the show and give it to class XII students in all subjects because every teacher knows how his/her child is. CBSE will try its best that those who are intelligent children who are intelligent children always have a good marksheet. And those who are average children with them they must be provided average marks, it may happen that the marks given by the teacher are forwarded because the teacher does not give full marks to every child, give Full marks only to those children who are capable of it.

 When the exam comes, it is always debated in the media due to such disputed statements and causes the anger of many children, the only thing in the whole year of CBSE is to give the result and that too from CBSE. Could not be done

As we are seeing that this year a lot of bad news has come because of Cobid 19 because we have suffered a lot due to so much sad news and one of those who has had to suffer is our children because School is closed since the beginning and children who are taking online classes. In a survey children are asked how they feel about the online classes, then in their feedback, they clearly say that the online classes are useless because they do not understand anything in them, the practical subjects like mathematics, chemistry physics, And computer subjects like in IP,c++ and states that there are some children who have pain in the eyes due to frequent running of mobiles or seeing the laptop for too long.

If we talk about last year, there was a little bit of atmosphere that there will not be papers but it was a little different because already there were 3 papers of children in it, two papers were not held, some of them had four papers. rest one paper is not conducted, then they had given the marks on the basis of rest of the paper which they had already given. Marks have been given on the remaining subjects, but this year is completely the opposite, this year, there is not a single paper held for the children. if we talk about Science Commerce and Arts, science is a little bit more harder and  studied from online it means that it is a matter of flour in poverty

what students are demanding ?

will cbse cancel their exam?

Production

 Meaning:

 Production refers to the transformation of inputs into outputs (or products). It involves transformation of inputs such as capital, equipment, labour, and land into output - goods and services.

In economic sense production process may take a variety of forms other than manufacturing transporting and all types of services.

 5M’s of Production:

 ❖Man ❖Machine ❖Material ❖Money ❖Method

Period of Production

Current Period/ Very Short Period: In this type of production, activities are being performed for 1 hr, 2 Hr or for a day. Here all factors are inelastic in nature.

Short Period:Short run refers to a period of time which is too short to allow an enterprise to change its, plant capacity, yet along enough to allow a change. The short run is a period of time when there is at least one fixed factor input. This is the only period where both Fixed and Variable factor distinction can be seen.

Long Period:Long run refers to a period of time which is long enough to permit a firm or enterprise to alter all its resources or inputs. In the long run, all of the factors of production can change giving a business the opportunity to increase the scale of its operations.

 Factors of Production

❖Land: In economics, land as a factor of production does not refer only to the surface of land but to all gifts of nature, such as rivers, oceans, climate, mountains, fisheries, mines, forests, etc. In the words of Dr Marshall. By land is meant materials and forces which nature gives freely for man’s aid, in land, water, in air, light and heat.

❖Labour: Labour refers to all mental and physical work undertaken for some monetary reward. It includes the services of a factory worker, a doctor, a teacher, a lawyer, an engineer, an officer, etc.  ❖Capital: Capital means all man-made resources. It comprises all wealth other than land which is used for further production of wealth. It includes tools, implements, machinery, seeds, raw materials and means of transport etc.

❖Entrepreneur : Factors of production viz. land, labour and capital are scattered at different places. All these factors have to be assembled together. This work is done by enterprise through entrepreneur. This is an 'Organization Function‘. Fixed Vs. Variable Factor

• Fixed inputs remain fixed (constant) up to certain level of output. Their supply is inelastic in the short run. A Fixed input is defined as one whose quantity cannot be changed instantaneously in response to changes in market conditions requiring an immediate change in output. ExampleBuildings, major capital equipment and managerial personnel.

• Variable inputs change with the change in output. Their supply is elastic in the short run. Variable input is one whose quantity can be changed readily when market conditions suggest that an immediate change in output is beneficial to the producer. Example- Raw materials and labour services

 Production Function

Production Function is a mathematical expression which defines the various combination between the input that help in producing optimum output.

 Q = f (L, N,K,T, t)

Where,

Q= Production function

 L= Land, K= Capital,

 N= Labour,

 T=Technology and

 t= Time

Production Function The production function is based on the following assumptions: ❖Technology is invariant. ❖Firm’s utilise their input at maximum level of efficiency. ❖We assume that all units of L and K are homogeneous or identical

                                                                                        DOWNLOAD THIS PDF -

Law of Variable Proportion Concept: The law of variable proportion is one of the fundamental laws of economics. The law of variable proportion is the study of short run production function with some factors fixed and some factors variable. It is also known as Law of Returns.

 In the words of Prof. Marshall “An increase in the quantity of a variable factor added to fixed factors, at the end results in a less than proportionate increase in the amount of product, given technical conditions.”

 Law of Variable Proportion

Assumptions of the Theory: 1) The state of technology is assumed be given and unchanged.

2) The law specially operates in the short run because some factors are fixed and the proportion between factors is disturbed.

3) The law will hold good for short and given period.

 4) Factors are indivisible in nature. Law of Variable Proportion Assumptions of the Theory:

5) Variable factor units are homogeneous or identical in amount and quality.

6) The law is based on the possibility of varying the proportions in which the various factors can be combined to produce a product.

 7) Input prices remain unchanged.

8) Output is measured in physical units.

Law of Variable Proportion Explanation of Law: Units of Labour Total Product (TP) Marginal.

Law of Variable Proportion

Causes of Operation of Law of Variable Proportion/ Why does this law operate?

A)     Reasons for Increasing Returns to a Factor (Phase 1)

❖ Better Utilization of the Fixed Factor ❖ Increased Efficiency of Variable Factor ❖ Indivisibility of Fixed Factor

B) Reasons for Diminishing Returns to a Factor (Phase 2) ❖ Optimum Combination of Factors ❖ Imperfect Substitutes

C) Reasons for Negative Returns to a Factor (Phase 3) ❖ Limitation of Fixed Factor ❖ Poor Coordination between Variable and Fixed Factor ❖ Decrease in Efficiency of Variable Factor

Law of Variable Proportion

Importance of Law:

• It is helpful in understanding clearly the process of production. It explains the input output relations.

 • It help the producer to work most ideal combination of input factors at reasonable prices.

• It is useful for short run production planning at micro level.

• The law tells us that the tendency of diminishing returns is found in all sectors of the economy which may be agriculture or industry.

 • The law tells us that any increase in the units of variable factor will lead to increase in the total product at a diminishing rate.

ISOQUANT CURVE • An isoquant (isoproduct) is a curve on which the various combinations of labour and capital show the same output.

 PROPERTIES ISOQUANT CURVE

• Isoquants are negatively inclined: Isoquant must slope downward to the right.

• An Isoquant lying above and to the right of another represents a higher output level. No isoquant can touch either axis. .

 PROPERTIES ISOQUANT CURVE

•In between two isoquants there can be a number of isoquants showing various levels of output which the combinations of the two factors can yield.

•No two isoquants can intersect each other PROPERTIES ISOQUANT CURVE

•Each isoquant is convex to the origin (Marginal Rate of Technical Substitution is applies •No isoquant can touch either axis. Isocost Curves

 • Each isocost curve represents the different combinations of two inputs that a firm can buy for a given sum of money at the given price of each input.

• These curves are also known as outlay lines, price lines, input-price lines, factor-cost lines, constant-outlay lines.

 Choice of Optimal Factor Combination/ Least Cost Combination of Factors The least cost combination of factors refers to a firm producing the largest volume of output from a given cost and producing a given level of output with the minimum cost when the factors are combined in an optimum manner.